Toward early intervention based on age-specific vision checkups: A vision impairment survey in Yantai, China.

The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents is currently rising to alarming levels (>80%) in China. This study used several routinely collected demographic factors to quantify myopia and glass-wearing rates for primary and secondary school students. We identified myopia risk factors and proposed new aspects for early intervention. This study was a cross-sectional survey of myopia and glass-wearing rates for students (6-18 years old) in Yantai, China. We collected both vision (vision acuity [VA] and spherical equivalence [SE]) and glass-wearing information to establish respective logistic models for quantifying myopia and glass-wearing rate. We further propose a joint decision region (VA, SE, age) to guide early intervention. Among 10,276 children, 63% had myopia (65% wore glasses). The prevalence of myopia increases with age and levels off during adulthood. Females had a higher overall prevalence rate than males (P < .001). The rural age mode (≈15.5) is about 2 years larger than the urban age (≈13.5) for myopia students. For the myopia rate, in the age ≤14.5, the linear age effect was significant (odds ratio [OR] = 1.73, P < .0001), males had a significant negative baseline effect at the start of schooling (vs. females) (OR = 0.68, P < .0001), and the urban group had a significant positive baseline effect (vs. rural) (OR = 1.39, P < .0001). The correlation between VA and SE increases with age and has a directional shift (from negative to positive) at ages 8 to 9. For the glass-wearing rate, age had a significant positive effect (OR = 1.25, P < .0001), VA had a significant negative effect (OR = 0.002, P < .0001), and body mass index had a slightly significant positive effect (OR = 1.02, P = .03). Urban female have a higher myopia rate than rural male at the start of schooling, and vocational high school has improved vision upon high school. Body mass index was not a significant factor for myopia. The myopia rate model is specific to age range (separated at 14.5 years old). Students of lower ages are less likely to wear glasses for correction, and this may require intervention. The temporal age-specific (VA, SE) correlations and joint distributions strengthen the speculation in the literature that age 8 to 9 is a critical intervention period and motivates us to propose a rigorous intervention decision region for (age, VA, and SE) which mainly applies for this tight age period.

Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Caused by Biotoxins in Yantai City: A 10-Year Spatiotemporal Monitoring Study.

Unsafe food causes 600 million cases of foodborne diseases and 420,000 deaths every year. Meanwhile, biological toxins such as poisonous mushrooms, saponins, and aflatoxin can cause significant damage to humans. Therefore, it is particularly important to study foodborne disease outbreaks caused by biotoxins (FDOB). We collected FDOB in Yantai City from 2013 to 2022 and further established a corresponding database. Statistical analysis was carried out according to time, place, pathogen, and contamination of pathogenic factors. There were 128 FDOB, resulting in 417 patients and 6 deaths. The third quarter was a high season for foodborne disease outbreaks, the number of events, patients and deaths accounted for 65.63% (84/128), 55.88% (233/417), and 100% (6/6) of the total number, respectively. The highest number of outbreaks per 10,000 persons was Qixia (0.41), followed by Zhifu (0.36) and Laiyang (0.33). The top three causes of outbreaks were poisonous mushroom toxin, saponins and hemagglutinin, and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Sixty-five (50.78%) outbreaks were attributed to poisonous mushroom toxin, 18 (14.06%) outbreaks to saponin and hemagglutinin, and 12 (9.38%) outbreaks to L. siceraria (Molina) Standl. The largest number of outbreaks, patients and deaths all occurred in families, accounting for 82.81% (106/128) outbreaks, 66.19% (276/417) patients, and 100% (6/6) deaths, respectively. Followed by catering service establishments, accounting for 14.84% (19/128), 30.22% (126/417), and 0% (0/6), respectively. The main poisoning link of outbreaks was ingestion and misuse, accounting for 72.66% (93/128), followed by improper processing, accounting for 20.31% (26/128). It is necessary to carry out targeted family publicity and education, strengthen the integration of medical and prevention, explore innovative monitoring and early warning mechanisms for foodborne diseases, and reduce the occurrence of underreporting of foodborne disease outbreaks.

[Dietary exposure risk assessment of deoxynivalenol of Shandong resident intakes from steamed buns in 2016].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the deoxynivalenol(DON) contamination level of steamed buns sold in market of Shandong Province, and assess the dietary exposure risk of DON from steamed buns to residents of Shandong Province. METHODS: DON contaminated steamed buns sold in the market were collected by the simple random sampiling method in July of 2016 was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. The exposure daily intake(EDI) and the hazard quotient(HQ) of DON intake from steamed buns to residents of Shandong Province was calculated based on Monte Carlo. RESULTS: Among 105 samples, the contamination rate of DON was 100%. The mean value of DON was 111. 10 µg/kg, and the maximum was 848. 33 µg/kg that less than the limit value, 1000 µg/kg of DON in GB 2761-2017, 100 percent pass rate. The mean EDI of groups for steamed buns eater population were higher than that of entire population. 7-12 years old groups had the highest mean EDI that was 1. 04 µg/kg and 1. 32 µg/kg respectively for entire population and steamed buns eater population. The HQ of DON intake from steamed buns for different population groups presents a multi-probability distribution. It was 83. 5% of entire population and 80. 4% of steamed buns eater population that the DON health risk were at a safe level. The unacceptability probability values of DON health risk were 29. 9% and 35. 5%, respectively for the 7-12 years old groups of entire population and steamed buns eater population. There was 0. 1%-1. 1% of entire population and steamed buns eater population which HQ was equal or greater than 10, and the main risk sensitive factor was the DON content of steamed buns. CONCLUSION: The steamed buns sold in market of Shandong Province were generally contaminated DON. The DON content of steamed buns was at qualified level although which had significant difference of different region. Not only the entire population but also steamed buns eater population of Shandong residents had health risk hazards of DON from steamed buns, and the probability values were 16. 5%, 19. 6%, respectively. The probability values of HQ that was equal or greater than 10 were 0. 1% and 0. 2% of the entire population and steamed buns eater population. The 7-12 years old groups were a high-risk group that dietary exposure risk of DON were derived from steamed buns.